The threat of attacks on public surface transportation and staff in countries with advanced economies has changed so significantly in the past two decades, that a fresh approach to security strategies is needed. This is among the findings of a study from the Mineta Transportation Institute, which has found that countries with advanced economies account for a growing percentage of incidents worldwide, with the US taking the lead in the total number of of both incidents and fatalities.

The report’s authors, Brian Michael Jenkins and Bruce R. Butterworth, say that while developing countries, particularly in South Asia, continue to account for most of the attacks with the highest number of fatalities, advanced economies are seeing a surge in low-level attacks carried out by lone attackers.

The analysis of 5,611 attacks against all public surface transport targets that occurred worldwide between January 1970 and July 2022, reveals growing violence against passengers and staff on passenger trains and at train stations, buses and bus stations, rail infrastructure and operating and security staff. These include explosives and incendiaries, and physical attacks – including stabbings, shootings, arson, unarmed physical assaults and other acts of random violence.

Jenkins says the analysis indicates a “fundamental shift” in the threat facing public surface transportation. “At the beginning of the decade the people responsible for security were worried about suicide attackers, particularly those motivated by jihadist ideologies and bent upon causing mass casualties, with large scale bombings as well as the possibility of chemical or biological attacks,” he explained. "However, controls on explosives and precursor chemicals have been strengthened, especially in economically advanced countries."

Large-scale attacks such as Madrid (2004) and Mumbai (2008) should not be dismissed as a potential threat, the report’s authors warn, adding that bombings continue to constitute more than 55% of all attacks on public surface transportation in developing countries – particularly in South Asia. However, in economically advanced countries, security planners now face a more complicated and insidious threat in the form of increasing attacks by individual criminals, persons described as mentally disturbed, or, in many cases, unknown attackers. Violence is increasingly random and carried out by lone individuals, who can make potentially lethal bombs, which very often do not work. At the same time, there has been an increase in incidents of sabotage by anarchists and environmental extremists.

“Many of the attacks are not ordinary criminal activities such as armed robberies; and most have no political nexus,” Butterworth said. “The increase in violence at transportation venues appears to parallel a general increase in random public violence and reflects broader societal trends occurring on the streets and elsewhere. Some observers blame the behavior on the pandemic, but the trends precede Covid-19, and are contributing to a sense of insecurity.”

As the majority of attacks appear to be random, risk reflects exposure. Passengers are more numerous than operating personnel but are exposed for shorter periods, so their risk is lower. However, well-publicised events contribute to an atmosphere of fear. There are far fewer operating personnel, but they spend longer times on the job, therefore their exposure to risk is greater. Transportation employees are on the frontline in dealing with violent incidents – often on their own or as targets of the violence. They require protection and training.

“A public fearful of traveling adds to economic difficulties for transportation operators and reduced resources for facilities improvements, service and security. The fact that there are fewer riders may contribute even further to a sense of insecurity and it is possible that increased ridership actually contributes to security,” Jenkins added.

The increasingly individual and spontaneous nature of attacks on surface transportation targets make such attacks less predictable and harder to detect. Intelligence operations, while essential, are less likely to obtain warnings. Attacks are only identified when they begin. Rapid intervention is required to prevent or mitigate casualties, but that in turn requires greater security presence, which is costly to maintain.

While the study, Changing Patterns of Violence Pose New Challenges for Public Transport, is limited to public surface transportation, unruly, and sometimes violent passengers are also a growing problem in civil aviation.

Readers may access the report in full here: https://transweb.sjsu.edu/research/SP0822-Jenkins-Butterworth-Changing-Patterns-Violence-Transit

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